ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find out the differences in regional characteristics of heat vulnerability between people living in urban centers and urban-fringe areas of Jinan city so as to provide basis for the development of adaptation measures to heat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional survey on heat vulnerability was conducted in urban center and urban-fringe areas of Jinan city, using a self-designed questionnaire among 801 residents at the age of 16 years or older in August 2013. Data of 23 indicators related to heat vulnerability were collected and aggregated to 7 dimensions:health and medical insurance, social networks, heat perception and adaptive behavior, economic status, resources, living environment and working environment. An index score was calculated using a balanced weighted average approach for each dimension, ranging from 0 to 1, with the closer to 1 as greater vulnerability.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The scores on heat perception and adaptive behavior, economic status, resources and working environment dimensions for urban-fringe areas were 0.42,0.63,0.55 and 0.62, statistically significantly higher than the urban center area of 0.41,0.51,0.26 and 0.41. Scores of living environment, social networks and health/medical insurance dimensions for urban center area were 0.57,0.49 and 0.31, which were all higher than the urban-fringe areas of 0.50,0.46 and 0.25, with differences statistically significant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Residents living in the urban center might be more vulnerable to heat in terms of living environment, health/medical insurance and social networks while residents living in the urban-fringe areas might more be vulnerable in terms of heat perception and adaptive behavior, economic status, life resources and working environment. These facts indicated that heat vulnerability among residents could be quite different, even at a fine geographic sale. We would thus suggest that intervention strategies on protecting people from heat, should be more targeted.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Status , Hot Temperature , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between daily temperature and non-accidental deaths in four districts of Jinan, and to investigate the impact of temperature on cause-specific mortality.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data on daily mortality of the four districts (Shizhong, Huaiyin, Tianqiao, Lixia) as well as data related to meteorology and air pollution index were collected from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was then used to assess the effects of temperature on all non-accidental deaths and deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases (RD), digestive diseases, urinary diseases, and also subcategories to hypertension, ischemic heart diseases (IHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebro-vascular diseases (CBD) and chronic lower respiratory diseases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A W-shaped relationship was noticed between daily average temperature and non-accidental deaths. The effect of low temperature last for more than 30 days, much longer than that of high temperature, in which presented a harvesting effect less than 5 days. As to the cause-specific mortality, short-term heat effects were seen in CVD and RD as well as related subgroups as IHD, CBD and AMI, with RRs at lag 0 as 1.12 (95%CI:1.07-1.17), 1.06 (95% CI:1.02-1.31), 1.08 (95% CI:1.003-1.16), 1.10 (95% CI:1.02-1.20) and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.003-1.26). Relatively higher RRs were seen in urinary diseases and hypertension under extremely high temperature, reaching as high as 2.30 (95%CI:1.18-4.51) and 1.65 (95%CI:1.02-2.69). Cold weather presented a delayed effect for 30 days, with cumulative RRs as 1.51 (95%CI:1.42-1.60), 1.90 (95%CI:1.64-2.20), 2.12 (95%CI:1.67-2.69), 1.48 (95%CI:1.08-2.03), 1.60 (95%CI:1.46-1.75), 1.40 (95%CI:1.26-1.55), 1.68 (95%CI:1.45-1.95) for CVD, RD, chronic lower respiratory diseases, hypertension,IHD, CBD and AMI, on sequence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A relationship was seen between daily temperature and non-accidental deaths as well as cause-specific mortality. Either high or low temperature seemed to be detrimental. Related measures on disease prevention should be taken during the cold and hot seasons.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Cause of Death , China , Epidemiology , Mortality , Nonlinear Dynamics , TemperatureABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship between daily temperature and non-accidental deaths in four districts of Jinan,and to investigate the impact of temperature on cause-specific mortality. Methods Data on daily mortality of the four districts(Shizhong,Huaiyin,Tianqiao,Lixia) as well as data related to meteorology and air pollution index were collected from January 1,2008 to December 31,2012. Distributed lag non-linear model(DLNM)was then used to assess the effects of temperature on all non-accidental deaths and deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases(RD),digestive diseases,urinary diseases,and also subcategories to hypertension, ischemic heart diseases(IHD),acute myocardial infarction(AMI),cerebro-vascular diseases(CBD) and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Results A W-shaped relationship was noticed between daily average temperature and non-accidental deaths. The effect of low temperature last for more than 30 days,much longer than that of high temperature,in which presented a harvesting effect less than 5 days. As to the cause-specific mortality,short-term heat effects were seen in CVD and RD as well as related subgroups as IHD,CBD and AMI,with RRs at lag 0 as 1.12(95%CI:1.07-1.17),1.06 (95%CI:1.02-1.31),1.08(95%CI:1.003-1.16),1.10(95%CI:1.02-1.20) and 1.13 (95%CI:1.003-1.26). Relatively higher RRs were seen in urinary diseases and hypertension under extremely high temperature,reaching as high as 2.30(95%CI:1.18-4.51)and 1.65(95%CI:1.02-2.69). Cold weather presented a delayed effect for 30 days,with cumulative RRs as 1.51(95%CI:1.42-1.60),1.90 (95%CI:1.64-2.20),2.12(95%CI:1.67-2.69),1.48(95%CI:1.08-2.03),1.60(95%CI:1.46-1.75), 1.40(95%CI:1.26-1.55),1.68(95%CI:1.45-1.95)for CVD,RD,chronic lower respiratory diseases, hypertension,IHD,CBD and AMI,on sequence. Conclusion A relationship was seen between daily temperature and non-accidental deaths as well as cause-specific mortality. Either high or low temperature seemed to be detrimental. Related measures on disease prevention should be taken during the cold and hot seasons.
ABSTRACT
Objective To find out the differences in regional characteristics of heat vulnerability between people living in urban centers and urban-fringe areas of Jinan city so as to provide basis for the development of adaptation measures to heat. Methods A cross-sectional survey on heat vulnerability was conducted in urban center and urban-fringe areas of Jinan city,using a self-designed questionnaire among 801 residents at the age of 16 years or older in August 2013. Data of 23 indicators related to heat vulnerability were collected and aggregated to 7 dimensions:health and medical insurance,social networks,heat perception and adaptive behavior,economic status,resources, living environment and working environment. An index score was calculated using a balanced weighted average approach for each dimension,ranging from 0 to 1,with the closer to 1 as greater vulnerability. Results The scores on heat perception and adaptive behavior,economic status, resources and working environment dimensions for urban-fringe areas were 0.42,0.63,0.55 and 0.62, statistically significantly higher than the urban center area of 0.41,0.51,0.26 and 0.41. Scores of living environment,social networks and health/medical insurance dimensions for urban center area were 0.57,0.49 and 0.31,which were all higher than the urban-fringe areas of 0.50,0.46 and 0.25, with differences statistically significant. Conclusion Residents living in the urban center might be more vulnerable to heat in terms of living environment,health/medical insurance and social networks while residents living in the urban-fringe areas might more be vulnerable in terms of heat perception and adaptive behavior,economic status,life resources and working environment. These facts indicated that heat vulnerability among residents could be quite different,even at a fine geographic sale. We would thus suggest that intervention strategies on protecting people from heat,should be more targeted.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship between daily temperature and non-accidental deaths in four districts of Jinan,and to investigate the impact of temperature on cause-specific mortality. Methods Data on daily mortality of the four districts(Shizhong,Huaiyin,Tianqiao,Lixia) as well as data related to meteorology and air pollution index were collected from January 1,2008 to December 31,2012. Distributed lag non-linear model(DLNM)was then used to assess the effects of temperature on all non-accidental deaths and deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases(RD),digestive diseases,urinary diseases,and also subcategories to hypertension, ischemic heart diseases(IHD),acute myocardial infarction(AMI),cerebro-vascular diseases(CBD) and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Results A W-shaped relationship was noticed between daily average temperature and non-accidental deaths. The effect of low temperature last for more than 30 days,much longer than that of high temperature,in which presented a harvesting effect less than 5 days. As to the cause-specific mortality,short-term heat effects were seen in CVD and RD as well as related subgroups as IHD,CBD and AMI,with RRs at lag 0 as 1.12(95%CI:1.07-1.17),1.06 (95%CI:1.02-1.31),1.08(95%CI:1.003-1.16),1.10(95%CI:1.02-1.20) and 1.13 (95%CI:1.003-1.26). Relatively higher RRs were seen in urinary diseases and hypertension under extremely high temperature,reaching as high as 2.30(95%CI:1.18-4.51)and 1.65(95%CI:1.02-2.69). Cold weather presented a delayed effect for 30 days,with cumulative RRs as 1.51(95%CI:1.42-1.60),1.90 (95%CI:1.64-2.20),2.12(95%CI:1.67-2.69),1.48(95%CI:1.08-2.03),1.60(95%CI:1.46-1.75), 1.40(95%CI:1.26-1.55),1.68(95%CI:1.45-1.95)for CVD,RD,chronic lower respiratory diseases, hypertension,IHD,CBD and AMI,on sequence. Conclusion A relationship was seen between daily temperature and non-accidental deaths as well as cause-specific mortality. Either high or low temperature seemed to be detrimental. Related measures on disease prevention should be taken during the cold and hot seasons.
ABSTRACT
Objective To find out the differences in regional characteristics of heat vulnerability between people living in urban centers and urban-fringe areas of Jinan city so as to provide basis for the development of adaptation measures to heat. Methods A cross-sectional survey on heat vulnerability was conducted in urban center and urban-fringe areas of Jinan city,using a self-designed questionnaire among 801 residents at the age of 16 years or older in August 2013. Data of 23 indicators related to heat vulnerability were collected and aggregated to 7 dimensions:health and medical insurance,social networks,heat perception and adaptive behavior,economic status,resources, living environment and working environment. An index score was calculated using a balanced weighted average approach for each dimension,ranging from 0 to 1,with the closer to 1 as greater vulnerability. Results The scores on heat perception and adaptive behavior,economic status, resources and working environment dimensions for urban-fringe areas were 0.42,0.63,0.55 and 0.62, statistically significantly higher than the urban center area of 0.41,0.51,0.26 and 0.41. Scores of living environment,social networks and health/medical insurance dimensions for urban center area were 0.57,0.49 and 0.31,which were all higher than the urban-fringe areas of 0.50,0.46 and 0.25, with differences statistically significant. Conclusion Residents living in the urban center might be more vulnerable to heat in terms of living environment,health/medical insurance and social networks while residents living in the urban-fringe areas might more be vulnerable in terms of heat perception and adaptive behavior,economic status,life resources and working environment. These facts indicated that heat vulnerability among residents could be quite different,even at a fine geographic sale. We would thus suggest that intervention strategies on protecting people from heat,should be more targeted.